Señores Padres de Familia - Estudiantes de Séptimo 7ab - Jornada mañana y tarde
Reciban un Cordial y Fraterno Saludo
El día de ayer en nuestra Institución Educativa - Llano Verde - Colegio Nariño, se llevo a cabo el evento de la mejor cometa grupal...Felicito a mis estudiantes de ambas jornadas por el esfuerzo,aporte y dedicación a lo encomendado.. somos los Ganadores de mencionado evento...
Señores Padres de Familia - Estudiantes de Septimo 7ab - Jornada mañana y tarde
Reciban un Cordial y Fraterno Saludo
Les recuerdo que para nuestro" ENGLISH DAY",Actividad cultural - academica que se llevara a cabo el proximo mes de septiembre del 2017 ; nos corresponde United States of America oficialmente Estados Unidos de América, es un país soberano constituido en república federal constitucional compuesta por 50 estados y un distrito federal. Es importante indagar ,conocer toda su cultura y aspectos de interes como economia - moneda - ubicacion geografica - vestuario - division politica - gastronomia en fin...por medio de este tipo de propuestas padres de familia nuestros niños conoceran otras culturas que por supuesto sera de gran utilidad y aporte para el proceso de aprendizaje de nuestra segunda lengua extranjera English...
por favor alguna inquietud comunicarme...
Cordialmente,
Lic.Edward Jaramillo
Foreign Languages.UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
United States
Alternative Titles:
America, U.S., U.S.A., United States of America
United States
- National Anthem
- " The Star-Spangled Banner "
- Official name
- United States of America
- Form of government
- federal republic with two legislative houses (Senate [100]; House of Representatives [4351])
- Head of state and government
- President: Donald Trump
- Capital
- Washington, D.C.
- Official language
- none
- Official religion
- none
- Monetary unit
- dollar (U.S.$)
- Population
- (2010) 308,745,538; (2016 est.) 323,349,0002
- Total area (sq mi)
- 3,677,6493
- Total area (sq km)
- 9,525,0673
- Urban-rural population
- Urban: (2011) 82.4%
Rural: (2011) 17.6%
- Life expectancy at birth
- Male: (2014) 76.4 years
Female: (2014) 84 years
- Literacy: percentage of population age 15 and over literate
- Male: (2000–2004) 95.7%
Female: (2000–2004) 95.3%
- GNI per capita (U.S.$)
- (2015) 54,960
- 1Excludes 5 nonvoting delegates from the District of Columbia, the U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, the Northern Mariana Islands, and Guam and a nonvoting resident commissioner from Puerto Rico.
- 2Includes military personnel overseas.
- 3Total area (excluding 42,334 sq mi [109,645 sq km] of coastal water and 76,804 sq mi [198,921 sq km] of territorial water) equals 3,677,649 sq mi (9,525,067 sq km), of which land area equals 3,531,925 sq mi (9,147,643 sq km), inland water area equals 85,631 sq mi (221,783 sq km), and Great Lakes water area equals 60,093 sq mi (155,641 sq km).
United States, officially United States of America, abbreviated U.S. or U.S.A., byname America, country in North America,
a federal republic of 50 states. Besides the 48 conterminous states
that occupy the middle latitudes of the continent, the United States
includes the state of Alaska, at the northwestern extreme of North America, and the island state of Hawaii, in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The conterminous states are bounded on the north by Canada, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Gulf of Mexico and Mexico, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. The United States is the fourth largest country in the world in area (after Russia, Canada, and China). The national capital is Washington, which is coextensive with the District of Columbia, the federal capital region created in 1790.
The major characteristic of the United States is probably its great variety. Its physical environment ranges from the Arctic
to the subtropical, from the moist rain forest to the arid desert, from
the rugged mountain peak to the flat prairie. Although the total
population of the United States is large by world standards, its overall
population density is relatively low. The country embraces some of the
world’s largest urban concentrations as well as some of the most
extensive areas that are almost devoid of habitation.
The United States.Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
The United States contains a highly diverse population. Unlike a country such as China that largely incorporated indigenous peoples, the United States has a diversity
that to a great degree has come from an immense and sustained global
immigration. Probably no other country has a wider range of racial,
ethnic, and cultural types than does the United States. In addition to
the presence of surviving Native Americans (including American Indians, Aleuts, and Eskimos)
and the descendants of Africans taken as slaves to the New World, the
national character has been enriched, tested, and constantly redefined
by the tens of millions of immigrants who by and large have come to America
hoping for greater social, political, and economic opportunities than
they had in the places they left. (It should be noted that although the
terms “America” and “Americans” are often used as synonyms for the
United States and its citizens, respectively, they are also used in a
broader sense for North, South, and Central America collectively and
their citizens.)
The United States is the world’s greatest economic power, measured in terms of gross domestic product
(GDP). The nation’s wealth is partly a reflection of its rich natural
resources and its enormous agricultural output, but it owes more to the
country’s highly developed industry. Despite its relative economic
self-sufficiency in many areas, the United States is the most important
single factor in world trade by virtue of the sheer size of its economy.
Its exports and imports represent major proportions of the world total.
The United States also impinges on the global economy as a source of
and as a destination for investment capital. The country continues to
sustain an economic life that is more diversified than any other on
Earth, providing the majority of its people with one of the world’s
highest standards of living.
The United States is
relatively young by world standards, being less than 250 years old; it
achieved its current size only in the mid-20th century. America was the
first of the European colonies to separate successfully from its
motherland, and it was the first nation to be established on the premise that sovereignty
rests with its citizens and not with the government. In its first
century and a half, the country was mainly preoccupied with its own
territorial expansion and economic growth and with social debates that
ultimately led to civil war and a healing period that is still not
complete. In the 20th century the United States emerged as a world
power, and since World War II
it has been one of the preeminent powers. It has not accepted this
mantle easily nor always carried it willingly; the principles and ideals
of its founders have been tested by the pressures and exigencies
of its dominant status. The United States still offers its residents
opportunities for unparalleled personal advancement and wealth. However,
the depletion of its resources, the contamination of its environment,
and the continuing social and economic inequality that perpetuates areas
of poverty and blight all threaten the fabric of the country.
The District of Columbia is discussed in the article Washington. For discussion of other major U.S. cities, see the articles Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York City, Philadelphia, and San Francisco. Political units in association with the United States include Puerto Rico, discussed in the article Puerto Rico, and several Pacific islands, discussed in Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, and American Samoa.
Land
The
two great sets of elements that mold the physical environment of the
United States are, first, the geologic, which determines the main
patterns of landforms, drainage, and mineral
resources and influences soils to a lesser degree, and, second, the
atmospheric, which dictates not only climate and weather but also in
large part the distribution of soils, plants, and animals. Although
these elements are not entirely independent of one another, each
produces on a map patterns that are so profoundly different that
essentially they remain two separate geographies. (Since this article
covers only the conterminous United States, see also the articles Alaska and Hawaii.)
Relief
The centre of the
conterminous United States is a great sprawling interior lowland,
reaching from the ancient shield of central Canada on the north to the Gulf of Mexico
on the south. To east and west this lowland rises, first gradually and
then abruptly, to mountain ranges that divide it from the sea on both
sides. The two mountain systems differ drastically. The Appalachian Mountains on the east are low, almost unbroken, and in the main set well back from the Atlantic. From New York to the Mexican border stretches the low Coastal Plain, which faces the ocean along a swampy, convoluted
coast. The gently sloping surface of the plain extends out beneath the
sea, where it forms the continental shelf, which, although submerged
beneath shallow ocean water, is geologically identical to the Coastal
Plain. Southward the plain grows wider, swinging westward in Georgia and
Alabama to truncate the Appalachians along their southern extremity and
separate the interior lowland from the Gulf.
West
of the Central Lowland is the mighty Cordillera, part of a global
mountain system that rings the Pacific basin. The Cordillera encompasses fully one-third of the United States, with an internal variety commensurate
with its size. At its eastern margin lie the Rocky Mountains, a high,
diverse, and discontinuous chain that stretches all the way from New
Mexico to the Canadian border. The Cordillera’s western edge is a
Pacific coastal chain of rugged mountains and inland valleys, the whole
rising spectacularly from the sea without benefit of a coastal plain.
Pent between the Rockies and the Pacific chain is a vast intermontane
complex of basins, plateaus, and isolated ranges so large and remarkable
that they merit recognition as a region separate from the Cordillera
itself.
These regions—the Interior Lowlands
and their upland fringes, the Appalachian Mountain system, the Atlantic
Plain, the Western Cordillera, and the Western Intermontane Region—are
so various that they require further division into 24 major subregions,
or provinces.
The Interior Lowlands and their upland fringes
Andrew Jackson is supposed to have remarked that the United States begins at the Alleghenies,
implying that only west of the mountains, in the isolation and freedom
of the great Interior Lowlands, could people finally escape Old World
influences. Whether or not the lowlands constitute the country’s cultural core is debatable, but there can be no doubt that they comprise its geologic core and in many ways its geographic core as well.
Learn about the different physcial landscapes that make up the American Midwest.Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
This
enormous region rests upon an ancient, much-eroded platform of complex
crystalline rocks that have for the most part lain undisturbed by major
orogenic (mountain-building) activity for more than 600,000,000 years.
Over much of central Canada, these Precambrian rocks are exposed at the surface and form the continent’s single largest topographical region, the formidable and ice-scoured Canadian Shield.
In
the United States most of the crystalline platform is concealed under a
deep blanket of sedimentary rocks. In the far north, however, the naked
Canadian Shield
extends into the United States far enough to form two small but
distinctive landform regions: the rugged and occasionally spectacular Adirondack Mountains of northern New York and the more-subdued and austere Superior Upland of northern Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan.
As in the rest of the shield, glaciers have stripped soils away, strewn
the surface with boulders and other debris, and obliterated preglacial
drainage systems. Most attempts at farming in these areas have been
abandoned, but the combination of a comparative wilderness in a northern
climate, clear lakes, and white-water streams has fostered the
development of both regions as year-round outdoor recreation areas.
Mineral wealth in the Superior Upland is legendary. Iron lies near the surface and close to the deepwater ports of the upper Great Lakes. Iron is mined both north and south of Lake Superior, but best known are the colossal deposits of Minnesota’s Mesabi Range,
for more than a century one of the world’s richest and a vital element
in America’s rise to industrial power. In spite of depletion, the
Minnesota and Michigan mines still yield a major proportion of the
country’s iron and a significant percentage of the world’s supply.
South of the Adirondack Mountains
and the Superior Upland lies the boundary between crystalline and
sedimentary rocks; abruptly, everything is different. The core of this
sedimentary region—the heartland of the United States—is the great Central Lowland, which stretches for 1,500 miles (2,400 kilometres) from New York to central Texas and north another 1,000 miles to the Canadian province of Saskatchewan.
To some, the landscape may seem dull, for heights of more than 2,000
feet (600 metres) are unusual, and truly rough terrain is almost
lacking. Landscapes are varied, however, largely as the result of
glaciation that directly or indirectly affected most of the subregion.
North of the Missouri–Ohio
river line, the advance and readvance of continental ice left an
intricate mosaic of boulders, sand, gravel, silt, and clay and a complex
pattern of lakes and drainage channels, some abandoned, some still in
use. The southern part of the Central Lowland is quite different,
covered mostly with loess
(wind-deposited silt) that further subdued the already low relief
surface. Elsewhere, especially near major rivers, postglacial streams
carved the loess into rounded hills, and visitors have aptly compared
their billowing shapes to the waves of the sea. Above all, the loess
produces soil of extraordinary fertility.
As the Mesabi iron was a major source of America’s industrial wealth,
its agricultural prosperity has been rooted in Midwestern loess.
The
Central Lowland resembles a vast saucer, rising gradually to higher
lands on all sides. Southward and eastward, the land rises gradually to
three major plateaus. Beyond the reach of glaciation to the south, the
sedimentary rocks have been raised into two broad upwarps, separated
from one another by the great valley of the Mississippi River. The Ozark Plateau lies west of the river and occupies most of southern Missouri and northern Arkansas; on the east the Interior Low Plateaus dominate central Kentucky and Tennessee. Except for two nearly circular patches of rich limestone country—the Nashville Basin of Tennessee and the Kentucky Bluegrass region—most
of both plateau regions consists of sandstone uplands, intricately
dissected by streams. Local relief runs to several hundreds of feet in
most places, and visitors to the region must travel winding roads along
narrow stream valleys. The soils there are poor, and mineral resources
are scanty.
Eastward from the Central Lowland the Appalachian Plateau—a narrow band of dissected uplands that strongly resembles the Ozark Plateau and Interior Low Plateaus in steep slopes, wretched soils, and endemic poverty—forms a transition between the interior plains and the Appalachian Mountains. Usually, however, the Appalachian Plateau
is considered a subregion of the Appalachian Mountains, partly on
grounds of location, partly because of geologic structure. Unlike the
other plateaus, where rocks are warped upward, the rocks there form an
elongated basin, wherein bituminous coal
has been preserved from erosion. This Appalachian coal, like the Mesabi
iron that it complements in U.S. industry, is extraordinary. Extensive,
thick, and close to the surface, it has stoked the furnaces of
northeastern steel mills for decades and helps explain the huge
concentration of heavy industry along the lower Great Lakes.
The western flanks of the Interior Lowlands are the Great Plains, a territory of awesome bulk that spans the full distance between Canada and Mexico
in a swath nearly 500 miles (800 km) wide. The Great Plains were built
by successive layers of poorly cemented sand, silt, and gravel—debris
laid down by parallel east-flowing streams from the Rocky Mountains. Seen from the east, the surface of the Great Plains rises inexorably from about 2,000 feet (600 metres) near Omaha, Nebraska, to more than 6,000 feet (1,825 metres) at Cheyenne, Wyoming, but the climb is so gradual that popular legend holds the Great Plains to be flat. True flatness is rare, although the High Plains of western Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, and eastern Colorado come close. More commonly, the land is broadly rolling, and parts of the northern plains are sharply dissected into badlands.
The High Plains, near Fort Morgan, Colorado.Epimethius
The
main mineral wealth of the Interior Lowlands derives from fossil fuels.
Coal occurs in structural basins protected from erosion—high-quality
bituminous in the Appalachian, Illinois,
and western Kentucky basins; and subbituminous and lignite in the
eastern and northwestern Great Plains. Petroleum and natural gas have
been found in nearly every state between the Appalachians and the
Rockies, but the Midcontinent Fields of western Texas and the Texas
Panhandle, Oklahoma, and Kansas surpass all others. Aside from small
deposits of lead and zinc, metallic minerals are of little importance.
The Appalachian Mountain system
The Appalachians dominate the eastern United States and separate the Eastern Seaboard from the interior with a belt of subdued uplands that extends nearly 1,500 miles (2,400 km) from northeastern Alabama to the Canadian border. They are old, complex mountains, the eroded stumps of much greater ranges. Present topography
results from erosion that has carved weak rocks away, leaving a
skeleton of resistant rocks behind as highlands. Geologic differences
are thus faithfully reflected in topography. In the Appalachians these
differences are sharply demarcated and neatly arranged, so that all the
major subdivisions except New England lie in strips parallel to the Atlantic and to one another.
Screw Auger Falls in the Mahoosuc Range, northern Appalachian Mountains, Maine.© George Wuerthner
The core of the Appalachians is a belt of complex metamorphic and igneous rocks that stretches all the way from Alabama to New Hampshire. The western side of this belt forms the long slender rampart of the Blue Ridge Mountains, containing the highest elevations in the Appalachians (Mount Mitchell,
North Carolina, 6,684 feet [2,037 metres]) and some of its most
handsome mountain scenery. On its eastern, or seaward, side the Blue
Ridge descends in an abrupt and sometimes spectacular escarpment to the Piedmont, a well-drained, rolling land—never quite hills, but never quite a plain. Before the settlement of the Midwest the Piedmont was the most productive agricultural region in the United States, and several Pennsylvania counties still consistently report some of the highest farm yields per acre in the entire country.
West
of the crystalline zone, away from the axis of primary geologic
deformation, sedimentary rocks have escaped metamorphism but are
compressed into tight folds. Erosion has carved the upturned edges of
these folded rocks into the remarkable Ridge and Valley
country of the western Appalachians. Long linear ridges
characteristically stand about 1,000 feet (300 metres) from base to
crest and run for tens of miles, paralleled by broad open valleys of
comparable length. In Pennsylvania, ridges run unbroken for great
distances, occasionally turning abruptly in a zigzag pattern; by
contrast, the southern ridges are broken by faults and form short,
parallel segments that are lined up like magnetized iron filings. By far
the largest valley—and one of the most important routes in North
America—is the Great Valley,
an extraordinary trench of shale and limestone that runs nearly the
entire length of the Appalachians. It provides a lowland passage from
the middle Hudson valley to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and on southward, where it forms the Shenandoah and Cumberland valleys,
and has been one of the main paths through the Appalachians since
pioneer times. In New England it is floored with slates and marbles and
forms the Valley of Vermont, one of the few fertile areas in an
otherwise mountainous region.
Ridge-and-valley topography in the Appalachian Highlands, near Bristol, Tennessee, U.S.Bantosh
Topography much like that of the Ridge and Valley is found in the Ouachita Mountains
of western Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma, an area generally thought to
be a detached continuation of Appalachian geologic structure, the
intervening section buried beneath the sediments of the lower
Mississippi valley.
The
once-glaciated New England section of the Appalachians is divided from
the rest of the chain by an indentation of the Atlantic. Although almost
completely underlain by crystalline rocks, New England is laid out in
north–south bands, reminiscent of the southern Appalachians. The
rolling, rocky hills of southeastern New England are not dissimilar to
the Piedmont, while, farther northwest, the rugged and lofty White Mountains are a New England analogue to the Blue Ridge. (Mount Washington,
New Hampshire, at 6,288 feet [1,917 metres], is the highest peak in the
northeastern United States.) The westernmost ranges—the Taconics, Berkshires, and Green Mountains—show
a strong north–south lineation like the Ridge and Valley. Unlike the
rest of the Appalachians, however, glaciation has scoured the
crystalline rocks much like those of the Canadian Shield, so that New
England is best known for its picturesque landscape, not for its fertile
soil.
Mount Washington, in the White Mountains, New Hampshire.William Hemmel/© New Hampshire Division of Travel and Tourism Development
Typical
of diverse geologic regions, the Appalachians contain a great variety
of minerals. Only a few occur in quantities large enough for sustained
exploitation, notably iron in Pennsylvania’s Blue Ridge and Piedmont and
the famous granites, marbles, and slates of northern New England. In
Pennsylvania the Ridge and Valley region contains one of the world’s
largest deposits of anthracite coal, once the basis of a thriving mining
economy; many of the mines are now shut, oil and gas having replaced
coal as the major fuel used to heat homes.
The Atlantic Plain
The
eastern and southeastern fringes of the United States are part of the
outermost margins of the continental platform, repeatedly invaded by the
sea and veneered with layer after layer of young, poorly consolidated
sediments. Part of this platform now lies slightly above sea level and
forms a nearly flat and often swampy coastal plain, which stretches from
Cape Cod, Massachusetts,
to beyond the Mexican border. Most of the platform, however, is still
submerged, so that a band of shallow water, the continental shelf,
parallels the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, in some places reaching 250
miles (400 km) out to sea.
Discover the climate, landscape, and waterways of the northeastern United States.Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
The
Atlantic Plain slopes so gently that even slight crustal upwarping can
shift the coastline far out to sea at the expense of the continental
shelf. The peninsula of Florida
is just such an upwarp: nowhere in its 400-mile (640-km) length does
the land rise more than 350 feet (100 metres) above sea level; much of
the southern and coastal areas rise less than 10 feet (3 metres) and are
poorly drained and dangerously exposed to Atlantic storms. Downwarps
can result in extensive flooding. North of New York City, for example,
the weight of glacial ice depressed most of the Coastal Plain beneath the sea, and the Atlantic now beats directly against New England’s rock-ribbed coasts. Cape Cod, Long Island
(New York), and a few offshore islands are all that remain of New
England’s drowned Coastal Plain. Another downwarp lies perpendicular to
the Gulf coast and guides the course of the lower Mississippi. The
river, however, has filled with alluvium what otherwise would be an arm
of the Gulf, forming a great inland salient of the Coastal Plain called the Mississippi Embayment.
South
of New York the Coastal Plain gradually widens, but ocean water has
invaded the lower valleys of most of the coastal rivers and has turned
them into estuaries. The greatest of these is Chesapeake Bay, merely the flooded lower valley of the Susquehanna River
and its tributaries, but there are hundreds of others. Offshore a line
of sandbars and barrier beaches stretches intermittently the length of
the Coastal Plain, hampering entry of shipping into the estuaries but
providing the eastern United States with a playground that is more than
1,000 miles (1,600 km) long.
Learn about the landforms and climate of the southeastern United States.Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Poor
soils are the rule on the Coastal Plain, though rare exceptions have
formed some of America’s most famous agricultural regions—for example,
the citrus country of central Florida’s limestone uplands and the Cotton Belt
of the Old South, once centred on the alluvial plain of the Mississippi
and belts of chalky black soils of eastern Texas, Alabama, and Mississippi.
The Atlantic Plain’s greatest natural wealth derives from petroleum and
natural gas trapped in domal structures that dot the Gulf Coast of
eastern Texas and Louisiana. Onshore and offshore drilling have revealed colossal reserves of oil and natural gas.
Santiago de cali,Agosto 05 de 2017
Respetables padres de Familia y Estudiantes Séptimo 7ab
Dirección grupo Nº 19
Cordial y fraterno saludo
Padres de familia grado séptimo ab...es muy importante y necesario que nuestros estudiantes tomen nota de la dirección de grupo en su cuaderno de notas...y que ud. padre de familia este enterado de las novedades presentadas en nuestra institución...
Santiago de cali,Agosto 05 de 2017
Respetables padres de Familia y Estudiantes Séptimo 7ab
Dirección grupo Nº 19
Cordial y fraterno saludo
Padres de familia grado séptimo ab...es muy importante y necesario que nuestros estudiantes tomen nota de la dirección de grupo en su cuaderno de notas...y que ud. padre de familia este enterado de las novedades presentadas en nuestra institución...
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